Projects

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Occupational risks in sex work at the intersections of policy framework and social stigma (ORIS)

Gender | Project duration: 1/9/2020 - 31/8/2024

Oris-krog-napis-engIt has often been emphasized in the academic literature that policies on prostitution do not consider the real needs of sex workers, but are underpinned with efforts to protect morality, safety and public health, or used to reinforce migration and border control regimes, resulting in repression, exclusion and segregation of sex workers (Doezema 1998; Graham 2017; Mathieu 2011). Our previous research confirms that sex workers in Slovenia are a marginalized and discriminated social group excluded from public life, spaces and the creation of state policies (Pajnik, Fabijan, Frelih & Šori 2017; Pajnik & Šori 2014; Šori 2005). The state addresses prostitution exclusively through criminal legislation (Frelih 2017; Šori & Pajnik 2018), a policy practice which corresponds with the concept of »governing through crime« (Simon 2007) that places security above all other areas of state’s functioning, ignores non-repressive responses to social problems and creates a culture of fear. Governing through crime reinforces and legitimizes the stigmatization of prostitution as a criminal activity and omits active promotion of sex workers’ rights and agency (Graham 2017). In addition is an informed policy building in Slovenia and in most of the European countries hindered by a lack of precise and reliable research data on even most elementary parameters of prostitution, such as the number of sex workers in a particular national context (Wagenaar 2017).

In response, this project aims at developing a methodological and theoretical framework that foregrounds voices and interests of sex workers and to investigate pathways to sex worker’s empowerment – increased agency, autonomy and human rights – through policy building and policy execution. The background thesis is that professional risks in sex work are being formed at the intersections of policy framework and social stigma. We aim to investigate the complex interrelations of these concepts, strengthen the underdeveloped research field of sex work, stimulate informed public discussions and contribute to the adoption of an inclusive, comprehensive and multidimensional policy on prostitution in Slovenia. The project approaches the research problem from the perspective of occupational risks and harm reduction, which we assess enables to the highest possible extend a non-judgmental research of the field and by this most objective data on the experiences, situation and needs of sex workers.



Project execution

Following the findings from the state of the art and our previous research endeavours, project’s methodology follows 3 grounding principles.

  • Complexity: sex work and sex industry are segmented and heterogeneous fields, with high fluidity of experiences and plurality of identities. We approach victimization and empowerment as fluid categories and recognize the variety of positions and needs in sex work.
  • Intersectionality: lives and rights of sex workers are affected by policy framework, stigma and wider social inequalities based on gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity etc. We approach sex work from different theoretical perspectives (sociology, law, social work) and at intersections of various variables affecting the lives and rights of sex workers.
  • Empowerment: this project is in particular aimed at researching pathways to empowerment of sex workers through policy building and policy execution. For this purpose we examine if and how practices of self-organization and self-managing can contribute to sex workers empowerment.

The project will be organized in 4 work streams, which follow the line from literature review, over empirical studies, to dissemination activities aimed at different stakeholders. The project is organized into four work streams and includes the following research activities:

– analysis of contemporary literature on prostitution in Slovenia and from abroad;

– development of methodology;

– focus groups with sex workers;

– quantitative research of occupational risks in sexual work;

– mapping the prostitution sector;

– socio-legal analysis of court files;

– interviews with experts;

– dissemination of project results at national and global level.

Results

Scientific articles

  1. KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON, Neža, UČAKAR, Tjaša. Treatment of occupational health risks in criminal prosecution of abuse of prostitution in Slovenia. Medicine, law & society. [Print ed.]. Apr. 2024, vol. 17, no. 1, str. 49-68. ISSN 2463-7955. https://journals.um.si/index.php/medicine/article/view/4239/2877, DOI: 10.18690/mls.17.1.49-68.2024. [COBISS.SI-ID 195108867]
  2. KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON, Neža, FRELIH, Mojca, UČAKAR, Tjaša. Criminality of prostitution abuse : A socio-legal study of case files in Slovenia. Politička misao. 2023, vol. 60, no. 2, str. 61-81. ISSN 0032-3241. DOI: 20901/pm.60.4.03. [COBISS.SI-ID 179008259]
  3. KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON, Neža, UČAKAR, Tjaša, FRELIH, Mojca. Sociopravni vidiki kazenskopravne obravnave kaznivega dejanja zlorabe prostitucije v Sloveniji. Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo. jul.-sep. 2023, letn. 74, št. 3, str. 191-202. ISSN 0034-690X. [COBISS.SI-ID 169631491].
  4. PAJNIK, Mojca, KUHAR, Roman. Sex work online : professionalism between affordances and constraints. Information, communication & society. 2024, vol. , no. , str. 1-18, tabele. ISSN 1369-118X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2435993, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2024.2435993. [COBISS.SI-ID 221644803]
  5. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. Sistematični pregled literature o poklicnih tveganjih, strategijah in politikah v seksualnem delu v Sloveniji. Družboslovne razprave. [Tiskana izd.]. 2022, 38, [št.] 101, str. 13-40, ilustr. ISSN 0352-3608. https://www.sociolosko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/DR101-WEB.pdf, DOI: 51936/dr.38.101.13-40. [COBISS.SI-ID 144026115]

Contributions to conferences

  1. MARKELJ, Leja, HRŽENJAK, Majda. Affective turn : processes of intimization and emotionalization of sex work. V: Making a difference : the hope and promise of sexuality studies : book of abstracts : midterm conference of European Sociological Association Sexuality Research Network eUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of humanities & social sciences, Zagreb, Croatia : September 28 – 29, 2023. Zagreb: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2023. Str. [31]. https://esarn23.files.wordpress.com/2023/09/abstract_book_esarn23-1.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 166470147]
  2. MARKELJ, Leja, HRŽENJAK, Majda. Intimate and emotional labour through the lens of sex work. V: Oči širom otvorene : promišljanje seksualnosti, ljubavi i roda, 17.-19. 5. 2023. Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilišče u Zagrebu, 2023. Str. 22-23. [COBISS.SI-ID 171794947]
  3. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. Unveiling precarious working conditions in sex work and its implications for occupational risks. V: International Scientific Conference “Transformations of Work Through the Lens of Sex Work” : book of abstracts. Ljubljana: The Pace Institut, 2023. Str. 28-32. [COBISS.SI-ID 171975683]
  4. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. Poklicna tveganja v seksualnem delu v Sloveniji. V: Spolne in reproduktivne pravice: politični, družbeni in zdravstveni vidiki : knjižica povzetkov : Znanstveni simpozij Slovenskega seksološkega društva v sodelovanju z Oddelkom za sociologijo Filozofske fakultete UL, 24. marec 2023. [Ljubljana]: Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza Ljubljana, 2023. Str. 5. [COBISS.SI-ID 182750211]
  5. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. How do different types of stigma affect occupational risks in sex work? : online lecture at Conference “Part of the solution: sex work, public health and (de)criminalisation”, ESWA, Bruxelles, 4. 12. 2023. [COBISS.SI-ID 179008771]

Contributions to scientific symposiums

  1. HRŽENJAK, Majda. Sex work from the perspective of intimate and body work : presentation at online discussion “On (sex) work”, organized by The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, online, 15. 1. 2021. [COBISS.SI-ID 61138435]
  2. KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON, Neža, UČAKAR, Tjaša, FRELIH, Mojca. Preliminarni rezultati socio-pravne analize : prispevek na “Rezultati empiričnih raziskav in publiciranje”, Drugi simpozij raziskovalnega projekta ORIS, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 26. 10. 2022. [COBISS.SI-ID 133267971]
  3. MARKELJ, Leja, HRŽENJAK, Majda. Intimizacija in emocionalizacija seksualnih storitev : prispevek na “Rezultati empiričnih raziskav in publiciranje”, Drugi simpozij raziskovalnega projekta ORIS, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 26. 10. 2022. [COBISS.SI-ID 133268995]
  4. MARKELJ, Leja. (Re)interpretation of sex workers’ perspective in research : presentation at online discussion “On (sex) work”, organized by The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, online, 15. 1. 2021. [COBISS.SI-ID 61138947]
  5. PAJNIK, Mojca, KUHAR, Roman. Online seksualno delo : prakse profesionalizacije med priložnostmi in ovirami : prispevek na “Rezultati empiričnih raziskav in publiciranje”, Drugi simpozij raziskovalnega projekta ORIS, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 26. 10. 2022. [COBISS.SI-ID 133268739]
  6. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. Sistematični pregled literature na primeru seksualnega dela v Sloveniji : prispevek na “Četrti simpozij programske skupine Mirovnega inštituta”, Raziskovalni program ‘Enakost in človekove pravice v dobi globalnega vladovanja’, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 25. 3. 2022. [COBISS.SI-ID 138120963]
  7. ŠORI, Iztok. Poklicna tveganja v seksualnem delu : preverjanje hipotez o stigmi in profesionalizaciji : prispevek na “Rezultati empiričnih raziskav in publiciranje”, Drugi simpozij raziskovalnega projetka ORIS, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 26. 10. 2022. [COBISS.SI-ID 133268483]
  8. ŠORI, Iztok. The perspective of occupational risks in sex work : presentation at online discussion “On (sex) work”, organized by The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, online, 15. 1. 2021. [COBISS.SI-ID 61137667]

Contributions to professional meetings

  1. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja. Poklicna tveganja v seksualnem delu v Sloveniji : prispevek na “Strokovno srečanje o poklicnih tveganjih v seksualnem delu”, Filozofska fakulteta, 13. 6. 2023. https://www.mirovni-institut.si/strokovno-srecanje-o-poklicnih-tveganjih-v-seksualnem-delu/. [COBISS.SI-ID 179148035]

Research data in the repository

  1. MARKELJ, Leja, ŠORI, Iztok, BAJT, Veronika, BOLKO, Irena, HRŽENJAK, Majda, UČAKAR, Tjaša. Seksualno delo globalno, 2022 = sistematični pregled mednarodne literature o vplivu stigme na poklicna tveganja. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Arhiv družboslovnih podatkov, 2023. 1 spletni vir. https://www.adp.fdv.uni-lj.si/opisi/sdslo22/, DOI: 17898/ADP_SDSLO22_V1. [COBISS.SI-ID 167443203]
  2. MARKELJ, Leja, ŠORI, Iztok. Seksualno delo v Sloveniji, 2020 = sistematični pregled literature o poklicnih tveganjih. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Arhiv družboslovnih podatkov, 2022. 1 spletni vir. https://www.adp.fdv.uni-lj.si/opisi/sdslo20/, DOI: 17898/ADP_SDSLO20_V1. [COBISS.SI-ID 138204675]

Reports

  1. ŠORI, Iztok, MARKELJ, Leja, PAJNIK, Mojca, KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON, Neža, KUHAR, Roman. Metodološki načrt : ORIS, Poklicna tveganja v seksualnem delu na presečiščih političnega okvirja in družbene stigme. Ljubljana: Mirovni inštitut, 2022. 56 str., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 138217987]

Media appearances

  1. HENIGMAN, Urška (oseba, ki intervjuva), GORNIK, Živa (intervjuvanec), MARKELJ, Leja (intervjuvanec), VEHAR, Maja (intervjuvanec). Digitalizacija seksualnega dela. Ljubljana: Radiotelevizija Slovenija javni zavod, 2024. 1 spletni vir (1 zvočna datoteka (46 min, 18 sek)). Intelekta. https://prvi.rtvslo.si/podkast/intelekta/49/175014145, https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/intelekta/175014145. [COBISS.SI-ID 182749187]
  2. SAMEC SEKEREŠ, Hana (oseba, ki intervjuva), GORNIK, Živa (intervjuvanec), MARKELJ, Leja (intervjuvanec), ŠORI, Iztok (intervjuvanec). Delo kot vsako drugo. Ljubljana: Zavod Radio Študent, 2023. 1 spletni vir (1 zvočna datoteka (15 min, 26 sek)). Kulturni obzornik. https://radiostudent.si/kultura/kulturni-obzornik/delo-kot-vsako-drugo. [COBISS.SI-ID 183262979]

Lectures

  1. MARKELJ, Leja. Occupational risks in sex work in Slovenia : predavanje v okviru predmeta “Spolna vzgoja s spolno kulturo”, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, 4. 4. 2023. [COBISS.SI-ID 179147779]

Participation in round tables

  1. ŠORI, Iztok (diskutant), MARKELJ, Leja (diskutant), GORNIK, Živa (diskutant), KUHAR, Roman (diskutant, drugo). Etična vprašanja in metodološki izzivi pri raziskovanju seksualnega dela : okrogla miza v okviru Dnevov enakosti spolov, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 28. 3. 2023. [COBISS.SI-ID 148310275]
  2. HRŽENJAK, Majda (diskutant), KUHAR, Roman (diskutant), UČAKAR, Tjaša (diskutant), MARKELJ, Leja (diskutant), ŠORI, Iztok (diskutant, drugo). Seksualno delo v Sloveniji skozi prizmo poklicnih tveganj in zmanjševanja škode : okrogla miza v okviru Slovenskega sociološkega srečanja 2022 “Socio-ekološka transformacija“, Fakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana, 5. 11. 2022. https://www.sociolosko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SSD-ZBORNIK-PRISPEVKOV-22-WEB-OK.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 133266435]

Mentoring

  1. Med 17. 10. 2022 in 23. 12. 2022 smo gostili praktikantko Emmo Spitaels iz Univerze v Gentu, študentko magistrskega programa Spol in raznolikost, ki je sodelovala pri posameznih raziskovalnih aktivnostih.
  2. GORNIK, Živa. Seksualno delo v Sloveniji : skrb za zdravje : diplomsko delo. Ljubljana: [Ž. Gornik], 2022. 55 f., tabele. https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=141408. [COBISS.SI-ID 134736131]

Organisation of a scientific conference

  1. International Scientific Conference “Transformations of Work Through the Lens of Sex Work”, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 22. – 23. 6. 2023. https://www.mirovni-institut.si/mednarodna-znanstvena-konferenca-transformations-of-work-through-the-lens-of-sex-work/

Organisation of a professional meeting

  1. “Strokovno srečanje o poklicnih tveganjih v seksualnem delu”, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 13. 6. 2023. https://www.mirovni-institut.si/strokovno-srecanje-o-poklicnih-tveganjih-v-seksualnem-delu/.

Organisation of internal symposiums

  1. On (sex)work, online, 15. 1. 2020. https://www.mirovni-institut.si/diskusija-o-seksualnem-delu/
  2. “Rezultati empiričnih raziskav in publiciranje”, Drugi simpozij raziskovalnega projekta ORIS, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana, 26. 10. 2022. (https://www.mirovni-institut.si/drugi-simpozij-projekta-oris/).

Organisation of seminars and lectures

  1. Luca Stevenson in Sabrina Sanchez iz organizacije European Sex Workers’ Rights Alliance, online, 6. 10. 2021.
  2. Malky Wijk in Dennis Heineman iz organizacije P&G292 | HVO-Querido iz Amsterdama, online, 11. 11. 2021.
  3. Jessica Lynn, ambasadorka Kinsey inštituta iz ZDA, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 4. 4. 2022. (https://www.ff.uni-lj.si/en/node/155223).
  4. BREZNIK, Maja. Sex work between personal and economic dependence : presentation at online discussion “On (sex) work”, organized by The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, online, 15. 1. 2021. [COBISS.SI-ID 61139203]
  5. JALUŠIČ, Vlasta. A few considerations on the concept of work : presentation at online discussion “On (sex) work”, organized by The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, online, 15. 1. 2021. [COBISS.SI-ID 61137923]

Field work

  1. Hydra, Berlin.
  2. Verein Frauenservice, Graz.
  3. Več terenskih obiskov lokacij v Sloveniji, kjer se izvaja seksualno delo.

Participation in online conferences

  1. Iztok Šori se je 18. 9. 2020 udeležil konference Digital Sex Work in the Age of COVID (https://globaldigitalcultures.org/2020/10/16/4490/).
  2. Iztok Šori se je 22.10.2020 udeležil konference Troubling Terms and the Sex Trades (https://event.newschool.edu/troublingtermsandthesextr).
  3. Mojca Frelih in Leja Markelj sta se od 7. – 11. 12. 2020, udeležili konference Digital sex workers festival (https://www.sexworkeurope.org/sites/default/files/userfiles/files/DSWF%20PROGRAMME%20edit.pdf).
  4. Iztok Šori se je 4. 3. 2021 udeležil webinarja Sex Work and Borders: International Sex Workers’ Rights Day (https://www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/about/events/sex-work-and-borders-international-sex-workers-rights-day).
  5. Leja Markelj se je 6. 10. 2021 udeležila dogodka Event on Sex work and Mental Health (https://www.eswalliance.org/event_on_sex_work_and_mental_health_6th_of_october).

Partners:

ff_uni_logo  
  Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana
 

Funders:

ARRSLogo_2016_ang
  Slovenian Research Agency